Ukraine Crisis Fits Cyber War Narrative
Looks like there is a a direct connection between the geopolitical climate and the increase in cybercriminal activity.
When Kenneth Geers (pictured), an expert ambassador of the NATO Cyber Centre, first suggested two years ago that there might be a connection between spikes in cybercriminal activity and spikes in geopolitical conflict, there was skepticism. Since then, NATO has declared cyberspace a domain for war and regions of geopolitical strife have also seen their fair share of cyberespionage and cybercrime. What's been learned and has the skepticism waned or grown?
Geers, who has been living in Ukraine for the past two years, will discuss this in an forthcomingcoming session at Black Hat USA, "Cyber War in Perspective: Analysis from the Crisis in Ukraine." The talk will cover some of the work published by 20 prestigious researchers on behalf of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence (CCDCOE), investigating the cyber activity in the region between 2013 and 2015.
Two years ago, Vladimir Putin signed a bill incorporating the Crimean peninsula into the Russian Federation, and Russian military forces massed along the Ukrainian border. Geers was a global threat analyst for FireEye at the time, and noticed a spike in malware traffic traced back to Ukraine and Russia at the height of the conflict between the two nations.
Geers tentatively suggested at the time that there could be a connection between the geopolitical climate and the increase in cybercriminal activity, and that this connection could be used for threat intelligence. He received some pushback, at the time, even among colleagues within FireEye.
Since then, however, Ukrainian targets have been hit with more cyberattacks that directly or indirectly impact the country's autonomy.
Ukrainian presidential elections in 2014 were “completely, utterly, thoroughly hacked,” says Geers. Three days before the election was to be held, a pro-Moscow hacking group attacked the election commission. As a Wall Street Journal feature described:
Its stated goal: To cripple the online system for distributing results and voter turnout throughout election day. Software was destroyed. Hard drives were fried. Router settings were undone. Even the main backup was ruined.
A valiant effort by the election commission's IT staff rebuilt the voting system in time for the election, starting from an offline backup. However, attackers were able to post false election results that appeared to be hosted by the Commission's website -- media outlets reported these false results briefly before they were debunked.
Cyber war skeptics would argue that these attacks didn’t actually change the results of the election, so the impact was minimal, says Geers, who maintains “it degrades the integrity of the government” and the systems on which it relies.
In addition to these moves against elections, there have been cyberattacks on Ukraine's banks, railroads, mining industry, and of course the highly publicized one in December that took down a significant portion of the Ukrainian power grid.
Skeptics of the very existence or possibility of "cyber war" could point to attacks like these and dismiss them by saying they did not cause death or widespread destruction. They therefore challenge terms like "Cyber Pearl Harbor."
"People don’t like it," says Geers, "but we talk about ['Cyber Pearl Harbor'] a lot at Cyber Command.”
The term, says Geers, is in reference to the tactical advantage the Japanese forces gained in World War II by the attacks on Pearl Harbor. "It wasn’t meant to win the war. It was meant to create some breathing space.”
Similarly, he says, cyberattacks can be used “to give you a bit of time. An edge.”
Disrupting satellite communications, causing mass blackouts, derailing trains, or stirring up some public unrest, might not be the ultimate goal, but it could be a strategic maneuver in a war. It's something to divert leaders' attention and resources away from something of greater importance.
Perhaps more sinister, is the possibility of cyberattacks being used to change data. “So the ship goes left, not right. So the agent meets at 2, not 12. Those things could get people killed," and that, says Geers, is not hyperbole. A cyberattack, he says “is not an artillery barrage, but you could lead troops into an artillery barrage” with a cyberattack.
The changes could be smaller, he says, to less critical systems, and maybe socks get sent to the base that needs more bullets and bullets get sent to the base that needs more socks. Regardless, it's a matter of diminished integrity, says Geers -- diminished integrity of data, of systems, and of people.
Once citizens' trust in their own nation is compromised, they could be open to other kinds of manipulation, like "psyops," (psychological operations), the process of changing people's minds -- something Geers says Russian intelligence is particularly good at.
Regardless of what skeptics believe, NATO officially declared cyberspace a domain for war in June, which would mean that an act of war in cyberspace would initiate a collective response by NATO allies. (Neither Russia nor Ukraine are NATO member countries.)
Geers says that governments will spend “ungodly” amounts to prepare the battle space for the military, and that he's sure they are investing heavily in ways to compromise military vehicles.
"They're floating, driving, and flying computers at this point," he says. What has become clear to Geers and his co-authors of the NATO CCDOE book is that as geopolitical tension rises, not only does the amount of malware traffic rise -- as Geers reported in 2014 -- but so does the number of sophisticated cyberattacks. Which one is driving the other?
To this point, says Geers, geopolitics has been driving the cyber activity -- with both intelligence agents and opportunistic financially driven attackers upping their game when the action gets hot. However, he says, “the ubiquity of computers will mean they’ll begin to play a lead role.”
Kenneth Geers is the author of “Strategic Cyber Security”, Editor of “The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warfare”, Technical Expert for the “Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare”, and author of more than twenty articles and chapters on cyber conflict. Follow him on Twitter @KennethGeers.
