Understanding Identity & Access Management

Uploaded on 2025-06-16 in TECHNOLOGY--Resilience, TECHNOLOGY--Hackers, FREE TO VIEW

Many organisations still rely primarily on firewalls, antivirus software, and network security measures. However, the real battleground for cybersecurity has shifted from the perimeter to the identity layer.

Cyber attackers now increasingly target individuals through tactics like phishing, social engineering, credential stuffing, and insider threats. Once they gain access to a person’s identity, they can cause significant damage across an organisation’s data and systems.

This makes Identity & Access Management (IAM) a crucial component of modern cybersecurity. It acts as the organisation’s digital front door, controlling who has access to what, and when.

What Is IAM)

IAM is a comprehensive framework of policies, processes, and technology that ensures the right people have the right access to the right resources, at the right time. Its core functions include:

Identity Verification: Who is requesting access?

Authorisation: What are they permitted to do?

Authentication & Session Management: When and how is access monitored?

IAM isn't merely an IT tool but a strategic security approach encompassing user authentication, rights management, and policy enforcement, safeguarding organisational data and systems.

Core Components Of IAM

User Authentication: Verifying identities through passwords, biometrics, or multi-factor authentication (MFA).

Authorisation: Granting access rights based on roles and responsibilities.

User Lifecycle Management (ULM): Managing identities from onboarding to off-boarding, including movements and departures.

Identity Access Governance (IAG): Regular reviews and audits to ensure access remains appropriate and compliant.

Single Sign-On (SSO): One authentication credential for multiple applications.

Privileged Access Management (PAM): Securing and monitoring accounts with elevated privileges.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Assigning permissions according to organisational roles.

Why IAM Is Critical In The Modern Cybersecurity Landscape

Cybercriminals no longer solely target systems - they go straight for identities. Successful breaches often begin with exploiting weak or stolen credentials.

Here’s why IAM is a game-changer:

Enhanced Security: Verifying identities and enforcing least privilege reduces unauthorised access.

Zero Trust Architecture: IAM is foundational for Zero Trust principles, where no user or device is trusted by default, even inside the network.

Mitigating Insider Threats: Limiting permissions prevents internal misuse.

Reducing Attack Surface: Minimising entry points safeguards against credential-based attacks like phishing and password spraying.

Regulatory Compliance: Built-in audits and policies help meet GDPR, HIPAA, SOX, and ISO standards.

Better User Experience: SSO reduces password fatigue while maintaining strong security.

Cost Savings: Automated provisioning reduces IT workload and human error.

Real-World Examples Of IAM in Action

Recent cyberattacks on UK retailers such as Marks & Spencer and Co-op showcased how weak access controls can be exploited. Strong IAM systems could have detected or prevented these breaches earlier.

In cloud environments, IAM becomes even more vital. Cloud providers like AWS, Azure and Google Cloud offer native IAM tools crucial for securing cloud resources.

Common Mistakes To Avoid In IAM

Over-permissioning users beyond their needs.

Relying solely on simple passwords without MFA.

Failing to regularly review access rights.

Neglecting privileged account security.

Allowing shadow IT - unauthorised applications and systems.

Falling victim to credential theft via phishing.

Struggling to manage identities across hybrid (on-premises and cloud) environments.

Best Practices For Implementing IAM

Implement **Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA).

Adhere to the Principle of Least Privilege.

Automate User Lifecycle Management.

-Conduct regular access reviews.

Integrate IAM with Zero Trust models.

Educate employees on security best practices.

Future Trends In IAM

Looking ahead, organisations should prepare for innovations such as:

Passwordless authentication using biometrics and security keys.

AI and Machine Learning for advanced threat detection.

Decentralised identities, giving users control over their data.

IoT integration, managing device identities.

Continuous Authentication, enabling real-time risk-based access.

Conclusion: IAM Is Non-Negotiable

In today’s digital landscape, cyber threats are more sophisticated than ever. Effective IAM is no longer optional; it is essential for protecting sensitive data, maintaining regulatory compliance, and ensuring business continuity.

Organisations that prioritise robust identity controls will be better positioned to defend against persistent cyber threats and safeguard their digital assets.

Is your organisation’s IAM strategy robust enough to withstand modern cyber threats?

References:

FT | The Times | Acsence

Sidra Mobeen is an IAM & Risk Strategist & EMCC Practitioner Coach

Image: Ideogram

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